Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.41,1–7(2001)DOI:10.1007/s002440010215

EnvironmentalContaminationandToxicology

©2001Springer-VerlagNewYorkInc.

ARCHIVESOF

HeavyMetalContentsinSomeMacrofungiCollectedintheNorthwesternPart

ofTurkey

M.Is¸ilog lu,1M.Merdivan,2F.Yilmaz3

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DepartmentofBiology,Mug laUniversity,48000,Mug la,TurkeyDepartmentofChemistry,DicleUniversity,Diyarbak r,TurkeyDepartmentofMushroom,UlaTechnicalHighSchool,Mug laUniversity,48640,Ula-Mug la,Turkey

Received:15November2000/Accepted:1February2001

Abstract.Eightmetalcontentsweredeterminedinwildgrow-ingmacrofungicollectedfromtwodifferentareasinBalikesirandAkhisar(NWTurkey).Theanalysishasbeendonebyatomicabsorptionspectrophotometryin179samplesof16species.PbwasaccumulatedextensivelybyG.sessileandL.cinerascensinbothareas.ConcentrationofCdwassigni -cantlyhighinA.pseudopratensisfrombackgroundareaandM.excissafromnearroadarea.ThehighconcentrationsofFeandZnwerefoundinM.ramealisandL.cinerascensforbothareas.ThemeanconcentrationofCuwashighinV.pratensefrombackgroundareaandC.butyraceavar.butyraceafromnearroadarea.ThehighestmeanconcentrationsofCoandMnforbothareaswereseeninG.sessileandM.excissa,respec-tively.AhighNiconcentrationwasfoundinG.sessileandH.hypothejusfrombackgroundarea.Wefoundnoconsiderablysigni cantdifferencesintheconcentrationsofallstudiedele-mentsbetweentwoareas.

Manyinvestigationshavedealtwiththemetalcontentsofcultivatedmushroomsandinwild-growingmushroomsaswell.Comparedtogreenplants,mushroomscanuptakeandaccumulateconsiderableamountsofsomeheavymetals,suchasCd,Hg,andPb(Kalacetal.1991,1996;Vetter1994;Kojoetal.1989;FalandyszandChwir1997;KalacandSlapetova1997).Thefactorsgoverningtheaccumulationofmetalsinmushroomsarenotwellknown.Theprincipalfactorsin u-encingtheaccumulationofheavymetalsinmacrofungiareenvironmentalfactors(metalconcentrationinthesoil,pH,contaminationbyatmosphericdeposition)andfungalfactors(fungalstructure,morphologicalportion,developmentofmy-celiumandfruitbodies,biochemicalcomposition,decomposi-tionactivity).

TheconcentrationsofCdseemtobeprimarilydependentonthefungalfactors,basicallyofthespeciesandthebiochemicalcomposition(Melgaretal.1998).Pbismoreuniformlydis-

tributedamongdifferentspeciesthanCdandHg(Lodeniusetal.1981;Zurera-Cosanaetal.1987;JorhemandSundstro¨m1995)andisaccumulatedremarkablyathighconcentrationsonthefruitbodiesofmushrooms,especiallyinthevicinityofhighwaysorotherleadsources(JorhemandSundstro¨m1995;LaaksovirtaandAlakuijala1978;Liukkonen-Liljaetal.1983).Towhatextentmetalsaccumulateinmushroomsandinwhichspeciesisnotverywelldocumented.Thereare,how-ever,severalindicationsintheliteraturethatanumberofspeciescancontainfairlyhighlevelsofdifferentmetals(Jo-rhemandSundstro¨m1995;YoshidaandMuramatsu1997;SesliandTu¨zen1999;Gastetal.1988;Gabrieletal.1997).Wild-growingmushroomsareadelicacyinmanycountries,butinTurkeymacrofungicollectionisnotverypopular.Somepeople,however,collectfungiinsuchquantitiesthattheycanmakeacontributiontofoodintake,mostlyintheautumn.Thepurposeofthepresentworkwastoevaluatetheoccur-renceofeightmetalsinseveralspeciesofmacrofungi,whetherconsumedbythepublicornot,collectedfromBalikesirandAkhisar(northwestregionofTurkey)inrelationtosomefactors:species,thein uenceoftraf cpollution,andtheroleofmushroomsasbioindicators.Also,thisarticleattemptstobroadentheinvestigatedspeciesofmushroomsonthissubject.

MaterialsandMethods

ThestudywascarriedoutinnorthwesternregionofTurkeyinautumn1998andwinter1999.Theareasofthestudy(Figure1)includedpasturelands,forests,andvicinitytoroadsubjecttoheavytraf c.Thesamplesbelongingtosamespecieswerecollectedfromtwodifferentpartsalong50kmofhighway;nearhighway(0–50m)andawayfromhighway(morethan200m).AgreatnumberofsampleswerecollectedfromthevicinityofDeg irmenbog azi,Susurlukcountry,andDemirtasvillage,whichpossessfavorableenvironmentalconditionsforthegrowthofmushrooms.

Thehabitatandmorphologicalcharacteristicsofthemacrofungifoundinthelocalitieswererecordedandphotographedfordiagnosis.Themacrofungispecimenswerethencarriedtothelaboratory.Asporeprintwasmadetodeterminethecolorofthespores,andthesporeswerethenusedtodeterminethemeasurements.Finally,eachspecieswasidenti edusingthereferencebooks(Moser1983;Breitanbach-

Correspondenceto:F.Yilmaz;email:fyilmaz@mu.edu.tr